How to Query a Literary Agent: Step-by-Step Guide to Submitting Your Manuscript
- Mar 14
- 11 min read
Updated: Sep 29
Breaking into traditional publishing starts with a sharp query letter and a submission plan that respects the market. This guide shows how to prepare a polished manuscript, research the right literary agents, and tailor outreach with personalization, correct formatting, and strict compliance with submission guidelines. It breaks down query response rates, teaches how to write a compelling hook and synopsis, and explains how to choose strong comparable titles and present credentials that signal professionalism. Writers finish with a clear checklist for targeting agents and submitting with confidence.
Landing a literary agent is one of the most important steps toward traditional publication. Agents are advocates, negotiators, and career strategists who leverage industry relationships to get your book in front of the right editors at reputable publishing houses. In most cases, major publishers will not review unagented submissions, which makes an agent your essential link to the market.
Here’s the reality: competition is fierce. Most agents receive hundreds of queries every month. On average, only 10–20% of queries receive a reply, and just 1–3% lead to a full manuscript request. Of those, only a fraction result in an offer of representation. The funnel is narrow by design but not impossible to navigate.
Industry research shows that a well-targeted, properly formatted, and personalized query is up to 50% more likely to stand out. Agents consistently emphasize that the difference between the slush pile and the “maybe” pile often comes down to attention to detail: addressing the agent by name, following submission guidelines exactly, and crafting a concise, compelling pitch.
Every detail matters. From how you format your pages to the clarity of your synopsis, your professionalism signals whether you’re ready to enter the publishing world. And here’s an encouraging truth: even a rejection is progress. If an agent takes the time to respond, even with a pass, it means your query broke through the noise, and that’s worth celebrating as part of the journey.
Step 1: Finish and Polish Your Manuscript
Before you even think about querying, your manuscript must be complete, polished, and professionally formatted. In fiction, agents expect a finished draft, not an outline, sample chapters, or a “work in progress.” Agents repeatedly stress that the biggest mistake writers make is querying too soon. A manuscript that hasn’t been fully revised or properly formatted sends a clear message that the author isn’t ready. Taking the extra time to polish your work can be the difference between an automatic rejection and a request for more pages.
Key Actions Before Submitting:
Revise Thoroughly – Go through multiple drafts to tighten your plot, pacing, and character arcs. Industry professionals agree: the strongest manuscripts are often those that have been reworked several times.
Seek Outside Feedback – Beta readers, critique partners, or professional editors can spot issues you may have missed. Many successful authors credit outside eyes as a turning point in their manuscripts.
Polish Your Prose – Proofread carefully for grammar, spelling, and consistency. Sloppy errors are a red flag for agents, signaling the manuscript isn’t ready for professional review.
Use Standard Formatting – Industry standard is Times New Roman (or occasionally Arial), 12-point font, double-spaced, with 1-inch margins. Include page numbers and a header with your last name and title. Agents expect clean, professional formatting—anything else can hurt your credibility.
Know the Difference for Nonfiction – Unlike fiction, nonfiction projects usually don’t require a finished manuscript. Instead, agents expect a book proposal that includes sample chapters, a detailed outline, target audience analysis, and your author platform.
Step 2: Research Literary Agents
Not all literary agents represent every genre, and sending your query to the wrong agent is one of the most common mistakes writers make. To increase your chances of landing representation, focus on agents who not only handle your genre but also have a track record of selling books similar to yours.
Where to Research Agents:
Agency Websites – Most agencies provide detailed agent bios, recent sales, and submission guidelines. These are often the most reliable, up-to-date sources.
Manuscript Wish List (MSWL) – Agents use MSWL to share the kinds of stories they’re actively seeking, from broad categories like “upmarket women’s fiction” to niche specifics such as “culinary memoirs with a strong family narrative.”
Publisher’s Marketplace – This paid platform tracks deal-making activity, giving you insight into which agents are consistently closing sales—and with which publishers. Many writers use this to gauge an agent’s reputation and deal history.
Writers’ Conferences and Pitch Events – Industry-standard venues for meeting agents face-to-face (or virtually). These events often allow you to pitch directly and gain insider knowledge on what agents are currently acquiring.
What to Look for in an Agent:
Experience and Reputation – Research how long they’ve been in the industry, who they’ve represented, and what deals they’ve brokered. Many reputable agents are members of the Association of American Literary Agents (AALA), which holds its members to a professional code of ethics.
Genres Represented – Ensure your book aligns with their current client list and wish list. Some agents specialize narrowly, while others cover a broad range.
Submission Guidelines – Agents are strict about formatting and query requirements. Ignoring these is a fast track to rejection, regardless of the strength of your manuscript.
Sales Record and Editorial Style – If available, review their deal history and note whether they are editorially hands-on (providing feedback before submission) or more transactional. Choose the approach that fits your needs.
Step 3: Write a Strong Query Letter
A query letter is your professional introduction to a literary agent, and in publishing, first impressions matter. Industry standards are clear: queries should be concise (typically 250–350 words), professional in tone, and structured to capture an agent’s attention quickly.
The Key Components of a Successful Query Letter:
Personalized Greeting
Always address the agent by name. Using “Dear Agent” signals a mass email and is an instant red flag.
Personalize your opening by showing you’ve done your research: mention a book they’ve represented that resonates with yours, or reference their stated interest in your genre. Agents receive hundreds of queries a week—specificity makes yours stand out.
Compelling Book Pitch
Think of this section as your back-cover blurb, not a synopsis. Summarize your story in one to two tight paragraphs.
Focus on the essentials: the protagonist, the central conflict, and the stakes. Agents want to see the heart of your story, not every plot twist.
Pro Tip: Many agents decide within the first few sentences whether to keep reading, so lead with intrigue and clarity.
Short Biography
Share credentials that establish your credibility: prior publications, MFA or writing coursework, relevant professional expertise, or awards.
If you’re unpublished, emphasize what makes you uniquely positioned to tell this story—particularly important for nonfiction authors, where platform and subject expertise matter.
Keep it professional and concise; agents aren’t looking for your life story, just proof you’re serious about writing.
Closing and Call to Action
Thank the agent for their time and consideration.
Offer the manuscript (or proposal/sample chapters for nonfiction) and clarify its availability: e.g., “The full manuscript is complete at 85,000 words and available upon request.”
End with professionalism—no gimmicks, no over-selling.
Pro Tip: Agents often cite query letters as a writer’s first test of professionalism. A polished, targeted query demonstrates you understand industry norms and respect their time. Many successful authors landed representation based not on a referral, but on a strong cold query.
Step 4: Prepare Your Submission Package
Most agents ask for more than a query letter before they will read. Your submission package is proof of craft and professionalism. Send exactly what the guidelines request and nothing else. Wrong materials and ignored instructions are among the most common reasons a submission is rejected without review.
The decision often hinges on the opening pages, sometimes the first paragraph. Lead with a voice that feels alive, prose that reads cleanly, and tension that compels a turn of the page. A strong package includes a crisp query, a concise synopsis, and polished sample pages that match the stated genre and word count. Proper formatting, accurate metadata, and relevant comps signal that you understand how the industry works and that you are ready for a business partnership, not just feedback.
Typical Components of a Submission Package:
Synopsis – A one-to-two page, single-spaced summary of your full plot, including all major twists and the ending. Unlike your query, this isn’t about selling style—it’s about proving your story holds together from start to finish.
Book Proposal (for Nonfiction) – A 20–40 page business-style document that outlines the book’s concept, target readership, competitive/comparable titles, your author platform, and marketing plan. Publishers invest heavily in nonfiction authors, so proposals must show not just content but commercial viability.
Sample Pages – Agents almost always request a writing sample, commonly the first 5, 10, or 50 pages of your manuscript. Industry standard is to send the opening pages, not random chapters—agents want to see how you introduce your story, characters, and voice.
Pro Tips from Industry Experts:
Follow Instructions Exactly – Agents are strict about submission guidelines. Some accept email queries; others use QueryManager or agency-specific portals. Submitting to the wrong place—or attaching files when guidelines specify pasting text in the email body—can get your package deleted instantly.
Format Professionally – Double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman or a similar standard font, with one-inch margins. Agents expect clean, easy-to-read documents. Flashy fonts or unusual formatting are seen as unprofessional.
Polish Before Sending – Agents assume your submission is your best work. If your sample pages or synopsis aren’t ready, wait. Sending prematurely is far worse than taking extra time to refine.
Step 5: Submit Your Query and Track Responses
After polishing your materials, begin querying with the same discipline you brought to revision. Your submission strategy matters as much as the letter. Organization, patience, and professionalism signal readiness. Many agents review queries only during stated windows or specific seasons. Submitting while they are actively open can improve your chances. Monitor agency sites, QueryManager pages, social accounts, and Publishers Marketplace updates to time your submissions strategically.
Best Practices for Query Submission:
Query in Batches – Start with 5–10 carefully chosen agents at a time. This allows you to test your query and pitch. If you receive repeated rejections without requests, reassess and refine before sending to the next batch. Many successful authors adjust their query strategy mid-process.
Track Submissions Diligently – Use a spreadsheet or a dedicated query tracker (like QueryTracker) to record the agent’s name, agency, submission method, date submitted, and response time. Tracking prevents duplicate submissions and helps you spot patterns (e.g., common feedback or timing).
Respect Agency Rules – Most agencies forbid simultaneous submissions to multiple agents within the same firm. Always check guidelines—submitting to more than one agent at an agency without permission may get your query discarded entirely.
Stay Professional in Follow-Ups – Response times vary widely (anywhere from 2 weeks to 3+ months). Some agents specify “no response means no,” while others invite polite follow-ups after a stated window. Always follow the agent’s instructions.
Organize for the Long Game – Securing an agent is often a marathon, not a sprint. It’s not unusual for writers to query 50+ agents before receiving an offer of representation. Consistent organization helps you stay motivated and prevents mistakes.
Step 6: Wait for Responses (and Manage Rejections)
Once your queries are out, the hardest part begins: waiting. Literary agents receive hundreds of queries every week, and response times can range from a few days to several months. Managing this stage with patience and professionalism is essential.
Common Response Types:
Full or Partial Request – The best outcome. An agent may request the first 50 pages, a few chapters, or the full manuscript. This indicates a strong interest and that your query is doing its job.
Form Rejection – A standard, often impersonal response such as “not the right fit.” While not specific, it’s part of the process and rarely a reflection on your talent.
Personalized Rejection – A more detailed response explaining why the agent passed. This feedback is valuable and can guide revisions, especially if you hear similar notes from multiple agents.
No Response – Increasingly common. Many agents follow a “no response means no” policy, which can be frustrating but is considered industry standard.
How to Manage the Process Professionally:
Celebrate Requests – A partial or full manuscript request is a major milestone. Even if it doesn’t lead to representation, it means your query is effective.
Normalize Rejections – Rejections are part of every writer’s journey. Even bestselling authors often received dozens of “no’s” before their first “yes.” The key is to view rejection as redirection, not defeat.
Refine When Necessary – If you’re receiving only form rejections (especially after 20+ submissions), consider revising your query letter, your opening pages, or both. Many authors land agents after reworking their materials mid-process.
Keep Submitting – Success often comes through persistence. Industry averages suggest most writers query 50–100 agents before finding representation.
Pro Tip: Agents stress that professionalism in this stage is critical. Venting frustrations on social media, sending defensive follow-ups, or resubmitting without revision can damage your reputation. Patience, resilience, and steady improvement are what set successful authors apart.
Step 7: Follow Up When Necessary
Following up with an agent is part of standard querying etiquette, but it must be done with professionalism and patience. Agents juggle dozens of submissions daily, so timing and tone are critical.
Best Practices for Following Up:
Respect the Timeline – If an agent requests partial or full material, wait 8–12 weeks before following up (unless their submission guidelines specify a different window). For query-only submissions, follow-ups are rarely appropriate unless the agent explicitly invites them.
Be Polite and Professional – Keep your message brief and courteous. A simple note like: “I’m following up on the [full/partial] manuscript I sent on [date]. I wanted to confirm it arrived safely and remains under consideration. Thank you for your time.”
Avoid Over-Following – One follow-up is usually sufficient. Repeated emails can come across as impatient or pushy, which can harm your chances.
Track Agent Guidelines – Some agents clearly state, “No response means no.” In those cases, do not follow up unless you’ve sent the requested material.
Pro Tip: Many agents say professionalism in follow-ups signals how you’ll be as a client. A courteous, timely message shows you respect their workload while demonstrating that you’re organized and serious about your career.
Step 8: Handle an Offer of Representation
Receiving an offer of representation is a milestone moment for any writer—it means an agent not only believes in your manuscript but also in your career potential. Before saying yes, it’s important to move thoughtfully and professionally.
What to Do When You Receive an Offer:
Notify Other Agents – If other agents are reviewing your manuscript, let them know you’ve received an offer. This gives them the opportunity to finish reading and make a competing offer if they are interested. Industry etiquette is to give them 1–2 weeks to respond.
Ask Key Questions – Treat this like a job interview for both sides. You’re not just signing with any agent—you’re choosing a long-term business partner.
Review the Contract Carefully – Standard author-agent agreements typically cover commission rates (usually 15% domestic, 20–25% foreign/film), duration of the agreement, termination clauses, and expense policies. If you’re unsure, consider having a publishing attorney review before signing.
Essential Questions to Ask Before Signing with an Agent:
How do you see my book fitting into the current market?
Which publishers or editors do you plan to approach first?
What is your editorial style—do you provide feedback before submission?
How often and by what method do you communicate with clients?
What happens if either of us decides to end the relationship in the future?
How do you handle subsidiary rights (foreign, audio, film/TV)?
A reputable agent will welcome these questions and answer them transparently. Most professional agents are members of the Association of American Literary Agents (AALA) and adhere to a code of ethics. If an agent avoids your questions, pressures you to sign immediately, or asks for upfront fees, consider it a red flag.
Once you sign, your agent becomes your advocate in the publishing world. They’ll refine your manuscript if needed, create a submission strategy, and pitch your book to editors at publishing houses. This partnership is the launchpad for your publishing career.
A Final Word
Don't let anyone tell you securing a literary agent is the result of luck. It comes down to preparation, persistence, and professionalism. The process can be long, but every step matters: researching agents who are the right fit, writing a polished query letter, preparing a complete submission package, and responding to feedback with strategy and resilience.
The reality is that rejections are part of the journey, but so is growth. Each submission teaches you something about your manuscript, the market, or the process itself. By staying organized, refining your materials, and maintaining patience, you position yourself for success.
Every bestselling author once stood exactly where you are now with nothing more than a query letter and a manuscript in hand. Keep learning, keep submitting, and keep believing in your work. The right agent is out there, and with persistence, you’ll find them.